Abstract
Abstract In Europe, crown transparency is one of the most important variables assessed for monitoring forest conditions. Though there are very strict international guidelines and intensive training programs for the evaluation of needle-leaf loss, there still exists a subjective component in the evaluation. This subjective component in the observation process can lead to a nonsampling error that can greatly reduce the precision of estimates of average needle-leaf loss. In this paper, methods for quantifying the potential loss in precision are presented and applied to data from the Swiss National Forest Health Monitoring Program. For. Sci. 41(4):758-776.
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