Correction to: The modulation of Indian summer monsoon onset processes during ENSO through equatorward migration of the subtropical jet stream

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate a new mechanism, on how the warm phase of El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) delays the Indian Summer Monsoon onset through coupled ocean-atmospheric processes. Strong basin-wide warming is prominent over North Indian Ocean (NIO) during the El Nino years. The warming is intense over the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) due to the westward propagation of the equatorial Rossby waves from the Pacific Ocean. It increases the convective activities over the southern tropical Indian Ocean (0–10° S), adjacent to the SWIO region. The warming over the SWIO and the NIO strengthens the divergent wind from the Indian Ocean to the sub-tropics via a wind-evaporation-SST feedback mechanism, which causes more upper-level convergence within 30° N latitudes. Besides, a warmer Indian Ocean enhances the upper-level diabatic heating over the southern Arabian Peninsula and Eastern Indian landmass. These factors strengthen but shift the local Hadley circulation over the Indian Ocean more southward, with an ascending branch centered over the SWIO region. The shifting of the local Hadley circulation during the El Nino years causes the Sub Tropical Jet (STJ) to migrate more southward and centered more over the Indian subcontinent. This southward movement of the STJ over the Indian subcontinent in response to the El Nino condition inhibits the establishment and propagation of the tropical easterly jet during the monsoon season, which subsequently hinders the monsoon circulation, thus delays its onset.