Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a diverse family of the enveloped human and animal viruses reported as causative agents for respiratory and intestinal infections. The high pathogenic potential of human CoVs, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, is closely related to the invasion mechanisms underlying the attachment and entry of viral particles to the host cells. There is increasing evidence that sialylated compounds of cellular glycocalyx can serve as an important factor in the mechanism of CoVs infection. Additionally, the sialic acid-mediated cross-reactivity with the host immune lectins is known to exert the immune response of different intensity in selected pathological stages. Here, we focus on the last findings in the field of glycobiology in the context of the role of sialic acid in tissue tropism, viral entry kinetics and immune regulation in the CoVs infections.
Highlights
According to the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses, the subfamily of Coronavirinae comprises four genera of coronaviruses (CoV), characterized by high biodiversity and infectious potential [1]
Recent findings in the field of virus attachment and entry to the host cells indicate that the recognizing capacity of defined sialoglycan epitopes becomes a distinctive feature among the coronaviruses family
The binding of sialic acid is a vulnerable part of dual mechanism of viral invasion, that could be targeted for the future development of therapeutics
Summary
According to the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses, the subfamily of Coronavirinae comprises four genera of coronaviruses (CoV), characterized by high biodiversity and infectious potential [1]. The S protein play pivotal role in the fusion between the viral and host cell membranes, and in some CoVs interferes with interaction between infected and surrounding uninfected cells. Given that the sialoglycans are a widespread component of cellular glycocalyx in various tissues, their possible regulatory function in CoVs can open new view on predictive diagnostics and future therapy. It is important in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infections characterized by an overzealous and unexpected immune response contributing to severe acute respiratory syndrome and concomitant highly limited and not fully established drug therapy. This paper briefly focuses on the engagement of sialic acids in tropism and infectivity of CoVs, and their role in the regulation of overreaction of the body’s immune system
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