Abstract
In this work, we have studied a 2% copper substituted core shell type iron/iron carbide as a negative electrode for application in energy storage. The NanoFe-Fe3C-Cu delivered 367 mAh g−1 at ≈80% current efficiency, successfully running for over 300 cycles. The superior electrode kinetics and performance were assessed by rate capability, galvanostatic, potentiodynamic polarization measurements in 6 M KOH electrolyte and at ambient temperature. Ex-situ XRD characterizations and SEM images of both the fresh and used electrode surfaces show that nanoparticles were found to be still intact with negligible particle agglomeration. The electrodes have shown stable performances with low capacity decay, whereas sulfur dissolution from the additive Bi2S3 was found to decrease the charging efficiency with time. This core-shell type structured nano material is, consequently, an auspicious anode candidate in alkaline-metal/air and Ni-Fe battery systems.
Highlights
Electricity generation away from fossil fuels by renewable energy resources (RER) is increasing at a remarkable pace both as a means of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions as well as offsetting the global energy demand for sustainable development
In 2015, the global installed capacity of photovoltaics was 227.1 GW an increase by 25% and the total installed wind power was 432.9 GW, a rise by 17% compared to 2014 for both energy systems.[1,2]. Both wind and solar are very dependent on weather conditions and there is a high quest for electrical energy storage (EES) for integration with these renewables
Among EES technologies, electrochemical energy storage systems in the form of batteries have characteristic features in the form of modularity and scalability, fast response time and high energy efficiency, they do significantly differ in energy and power densities, charge and discharge duration, cycling behavior and capital cost
Summary
Electricity generation away from fossil fuels by renewable energy resources (RER) is increasing at a remarkable pace both as a means of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions as well as offsetting the global energy demand for sustainable development. This battery has the limitations associated with the iron electrode having low charge efficiency due to the concurrent hydrogen evolution reaction during charge, underutilization of the active material as well as resistive discharge product that increases the overpotential for charging, which in turn deteriorate the rate capability.[19,20]
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