Abstract
Core electron energy loss spectroscopy in reflection geometry is applied to 4d and 3d excitations in the lanthanide series La-Lu. In 4d to 4f excitation electric dipole forbidden transitions are clearly identified in the lower half of the series, while the heavy lanthanides tend to show enhancement of already dipole-allowed transitions, to states of high total angular momentum, if the exciting primary electron energy is lowered towards excitation threshold. Even stronger non-dipole effects appear for 3d to 4f transitions, but individual multiplets are not clearly resolved due to reduced d-f exchange coupling.
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