Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy, Auger spectroscopy and x-ray photoemission provide a means of determining the electron distributions in any material. We give a short description of the principles of these methods. We then consider perturbations of spectra that are due to the emission process itself. Several examples are given. The behaviour of the valence electrons of different symmetry in the condensed matter is discussed. In particular we dwell on the characteristics of the f states in rare earths and actinides as well as on the creation of excited states with a core hole in the presence of an f incomplete sub-shellKeywordsX-ray emissionphotoemissionAuger effectLanthanidesActinides
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