Abstract
BackgroundThe native articular cartilage lacks the ability to heal. Currently, ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are used to regenerate the damaged cartilage. With unlimited self-renewal ability and multipotency, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been highlighted as a new replacement cell source for cartilage repair. Still, further research is needed on cartilage regeneration using cord blood mononuclear cell-derived hiPSCs (CBMC-hiPSCs).MethodsHuman iPSCs were generated from CBMCs using the Sendai virus. The characterization of CBMC-hiPSCs was performed by various assays. Embryonic bodies (EBs) were obtained using CBMC-hiPSCs, and outgrowth cells were induced by plating the EBs onto a gelatin-coated plate. Expanded outgrowth cells were detached and dissociated for chondrogenic differentiation. Outgrowth cells were differentiated into chondrogenic lineage with pellet culture. Chondrogenic pellets were maintained for 30 days. The quality of chondrogenic pellets was evaluated using various staining and genetic analysis of cartilage-specific markers.ResultsReprogramming was successfully done using CBMCs. CBMC-hiPSCs (n = 3) showed high pluripotency and normal karyotype. Chondrogenic pellets were generated from the outgrowth cells derived from CBMC-hiPSC EBs. The generated chondrogenic pellets showed high expression of chondrogenic genetic markers such as ACAN, COMP, COL2A1, and SOX9. The production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins was confirmed by safranin O, alcian blue and toluidine blue staining. Expression of collagen type II and aggrecan was detected in the accumulated ECM by immunohistological staining. Chondrogenic pellets showed low expression of fibrotic and hypertrophic cartilage marker, collagen type I and X.ConclusionsThis study reveals the potential of CBMC-hiPSCs as a promising candidate for cartilage regeneration.
Highlights
The native articular cartilage lacks the ability to heal
Homogenous Cord blood mononuclear cell (CBMC)-Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) were used for further characterization
The use of CBMC-hiPSCs can be highly efficient for future application in cartilage transplantation
Summary
The native articular cartilage lacks the ability to heal. Ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are used to regenerate the damaged cartilage. The articular cartilage is an elastic, white tissue that covers the end of bones and protects them from friction. Chondrocytes produce ECM components and trap themselves in a small room called ‘lacuna’, making it difficult to migrate and repair once the cartilage is damaged. The avascularity of cartilage hampers the migration of stem cells, reducing the regeneration potential of the tissue. These reasons indicate that it is almost impossible to naturally heal a damaged cartilage [3]. It is important to generate functional chondrocytes that can synthesize ECM in vitro or to obtain a fully developed cartilage for transplantation
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