Abstract
In order to evaluate loading methods and the dose dependency of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in ectopic bone formation, an osteoinductive material consisting of commercially available coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) was coated with a layer of biomimetic calcium phosphate (BioCaP) containing BMP-2 in different ways. Eight groups—each containing samples of 0.25 g CHA—were formed and coated with, respectively, BioCaP with internally incorporated BMP-2 in concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 µg per sample, and the two control groups with BioCaP only and BioCaP with 20 µg of adsorbed BMP-2 per sample. The samples were implanted subcutaneously in 27 male Wistar rats. The histological results show that there is no bone formation in the group in which no BMP-2 was included. All samples with BioCaP containing BMP-2 show bone formation. The group with 20 µg of adsorbed BMP-2 per sample shows the least bone formation. Coating-incorporated BMP-2 is more efficient in inducing bone formation than adsorbed BMP-2. The group with 5 µg of coating-incorporated BMP-2 per sample shows the most bone formation. Increasing the amount of coating-incorporated BMP-2 up to 60 µg does not improve ectopic bone formation.
Highlights
Bone defects develop due to different causes, such as congenital disorders, infections, cysts, trauma and tumors
Autologous graft material is often described as the gold standard [6], research shows that no graft biomaterial is predominant with regard to its healing capacity [7]
Choosing the right animal model depends on various factors, such as significant physiological and pathophysiological analogies when compared to humans, its manageability to operate, after which it is possible to observe a multiplicity of study objects over time, its post-surgical period, which is coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) within all groups, whereby the group of 5 μg/sample of coating-incorporated bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) within these groups shows the least spread in CHA/total area percentage
Summary
Bone defects develop due to different causes, such as congenital disorders, infections, cysts, trauma and tumors. The repair of a critical-sized bone defect often results in fibrous connective tissue instead of bone [1]. To prevent this unwanted effect, the use of autologous graft materials are used when treating critical-sized bone defects, which was first described in 1875 [2]. The use of autologous graft material implies a donor site, which, when harvesting bone from that site, is sometimes accompanied by both complications at the donor site itself and inconvenience for the patient [3,4] To avoid these undesirable effects, other graft materials have been developed, such as allograft, xenograft and synthetic graft materials [5]. Autologous graft material is often described as the gold standard [6], research shows that no graft biomaterial is predominant with regard to its healing capacity [7]
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