Abstract
In recent years, digitization of cultural heritage objects, for the purpose of creating virtual museums, is becoming increasingly popular. Moreover, cultural institutions use modern digitization methods to create three-dimensional (3D) models of objects of historical significance to form digital libraries and archives. This research aims to suggest a method for protecting these 3D models from abuse while making them available on the Internet. The proposed method was applied to a sculpture, an object of cultural heritage. It is based on the digitization of the sculpture altered by adding local clay details proposed by the sculptor and on sharing on the Internet a 3D model obtained by digitizing the sculpture with a built-in error. The clay details embedded in the sculpture are asymmetrical and discreet to be unnoticeable to an average observer. The original sculpture was also digitized and its 3D model created. The obtained 3D models were compared and the geometry deviation was measured to determine that the embedded error was invisible to an average observer and that the watermark can be extracted. The proposed method simultaneously protects the digitized image of the artwork while preserving its visual experience. Other methods cannot guarantee this.
Highlights
Intensive development of techniques for 3D modeling and 3D digitization of cultural heritage, such as photogrammetry [1], has led to the issue of protection and rights to take over the obtained 3D models
It can be noticed that 3D models obtained by photogrammetry are visually rougher compared to the 3D models obtained by scanning, and that is the reason for using 3D models obtained with 3D scanning for analysis in MeshLab and survey
We are aware of the fact that today there are several different techniques for protecting 3D models, the dominant being to create a watermark, we started with a dissimilar approach which is special/different in the sense that each cultural heritage object is seen as a unique object
Summary
Intensive development of techniques for 3D modeling and 3D digitization of cultural heritage (movable and immovable), such as photogrammetry [1], has led to the issue of protection and rights to take over the obtained 3D models. The growing use of 3D digitization of cultural heritage objects, which has flourished in recent years, has significantly increased the need to protect digitalization to create high-quality, realistic 3D models of objects of historical significance. More and more projects financed/supported by the state, cultural institutions, and the competent ministry are based on the digitization of cultural heritage and the creation of digital libraries and archives [3,4,5]. The 3D models created by digitization of objects within such projects are the heritage of the cultural institutions and countries, and the contract allows the distribution of the obtained 3D models to a
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