Abstract
Salmonella, a common zoonotic pathogen, causes gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used to improve gastrointestinal dysfunction and to modify the immune response to inflammation for centuries. This study used six herbal plants and four TCM formulae to rate their efficacy in preventing S. Typhimurium infection via mouse model. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Coptidis rhizome (CR) against the reference strain tallied 12.5 mg/ml and against clinical isolate ST21 was 25 mg/ml. MBCs of other herbal extracts and formulae on Salmonella Typhimurium strains were above 50 mg/ml. In the mice model, CR and Si Jun Zi Tang (SJZT) could significantly decrease the bacterial load in organs and blood after being challenged, along with body weight loss due to the infection. CR and SJZT alleviated infection-induced interferon-gamma levels in the serum and tissues, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in intestinal tissues. CR and SJZT serum metabolites could suppress S. Typhimurium invasion and TNF-α expression in RAW264.7 cells. The therapeutic activity of CR and SJZT may involve berberine, ginsenoside Rb1, and glycyrrhizin, interfering with Salmonella when invading macrophages. CR and SJZT has shown potential in preventing S. Typhimurium infection through the regulation of the immune response.
Highlights
Salmonella causes salmonellosis in humans and severe infections in animals [1], which constitutes major public health problems, creating a severe economic impact on many countries
Our mouse model gauged the efficacy of six herbal plants and four Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas in preventing S
Coptidis rhizome (CR) and Si Jun Zi Tang (SJZT) has efficiently decreased the bacterial shedding in feces and the bacterial load in the organs and blood, hinting at the bioactivity of herbal materials being converted in organisms, which is difficult to evaluate in vitro
Summary
Salmonella causes salmonellosis in humans and severe infections in animals [1], which constitutes major public health problems, creating a severe economic impact on many countries. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium is a key serotype for salmonellosis transmitted from animals to humans [1]. Antibiotic-resistant strains have arisen; over 50% of the isolates proved resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, the primary treatments of choice for salmonellosis [4,5,6,7]. Use of antibiotics in animals might result in the deposition of residues in meat products, which elevates the risk of spawning more resistant strains [4,8,9,10]; herbal substitutes for antibiotics hold potential for the prevention and/or control of this disease
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