Coordination of Surface-Induced Reaction and Intercalation: Toward a High-Performance Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Weimin Chen,Chaoji Chen,Xiaoqin Xiong,Zhangxiang Hao,Pei Hu,Yunhui Huang

doi:10.1002/advs.201600500

Abstract

Oxygen-rich carbon material is successfully fabricated from a porous carbon and evaluated as anode for sodium-ion battery. With the strategy of optimal combination of fast surface redox reaction and reversible intercalation, the oxygen-rich carbon anode exhibits a large reversible capacity (447 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1), high rate capability (172 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1), and excellent cycling stability.

Highlights

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved tremendous commercial development over the last three decades because of the growing market for portable electronics and electric vehicles.[1,2,3,4] the insufficiency of lithium resource and the growing cost present unavoidable challenge to the LIB industry
Some materials used as Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) anodes, such as carbonaceous materials,[13,14,15] sodium alloys,[16,17] Ti-based intercalation compounds,[18,19] and metal chalcogenide materials,[20,21] have shown acceptable capacity and cyclability
The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image (Figure 2c; Figure S2, Supporting Information) displays that the graphite microcrystallites in ORC have expanded interlayer distances (0.38 nm for ORC-1.5, 0.42 nm for ORC-3, 0.40 nm for ORC-6, and 0.39 nm for ORC-12). These results demonstrate that the introduction of oxygen functional groups can enlarge the interlayer distance of carbon, which is favorable for the diffusion of Na+ and the electrochemical utilization of carbon

Summary

Introduction

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved tremendous commercial development over the last three decades because of the growing market for portable electronics and electric vehicles.[1,2,3,4] the insufficiency of lithium resource and the growing cost present unavoidable challenge to the LIB industry. The cathodic peak located at around 0.01 V is attributed to sodiumion insertion into carbonaceous materials.[38] During the anodic process, no apparent peak is observed in the initial and subsequent cycles, indicating that extraction of Na ions from PC750 happens in a wide potential range.[39] Comparing with PC750, the CV curves for ORC-3 show two additional redox couples at 1.51/2.17 and 0.79/1.62 V, which can be ascribed to the redox reactions between Na ions and oxygen functional groups.[40,41] The similar reactions between Na ions and S were reported previously in Na–S batteries.[42,43] It indicates that the oxygen functional groups are electrochemically active to provide abundant Na storage sites, which can enhance the reversible capacity.

Results

Conclusion