Abstract
Coffee is a major commodity crop that shapes large shares of tropical landscapes. However, the sustainability of these landscapes is threatened by climate change. Whilst adopting climate-smart (CS) practices clearly offers direct benefits to local farmers, their greater benefits at landscape and global scales has not been studied for specific commodity crops so far. Our research uniquely outlines how local adoption of CS-practices in coffee-farming systems provides local, landscape and global benefits. We review literature on CS agriculture, CS landscapes, and coffee farming to firstly identify the different CS-practices applicable to coffee farming systems, and then group these into functional groups that represent the main functional trait targeted by different practices within coffee-farming systems. This allows identifying benefits provided at local, landscape and global scales. The seven functional groups identified are: soil characteristics; water management; crop and genetic diversity; climate buffer and adjustment; crop nutrient management; structural elements and natural habitats; and system functioning. Benefits offered at landscape and global scales (non-exhaustively) include improved water quality, biodiversity conservation and habitat connectivity, as well as stabilized regional climate patterns. Our review shows that regulating services are especially pronounced, although the extent of benefits provided depend on landscape coordination. We discuss considerations for managing possible conflicts, coordinating actions, financing and accommodating lead time. Local farmers, policy-makers and global donors must unite to improve uptake of CS coffee-production practices in a coordinated way, to thereby augment and safeguard coffee-farming's socio-ecological system along with associated local, landscape and global benefits.
Highlights
Coffee is a global commodity crop which shapes tropical landscapes through its particular agricultural system (Harvey et al, 2021)
Our research design is based on an iterative, exploratory literature review (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005; Baumüller, 2018) and consists of three successive major steps: We (i) identified the different CS-practices applicable to coffee farming systems, (ii) grouped them into different functional groups that describe the main functional trait that these practices target within the farming system, to (iii) perform an additional review, that identifies benefits that are provided at local, landscape and global scales when adopting CS-coffee practices
For CS-practices in coffee farming, we identified seven functional groups contributing to the overarching goals of Climate-smart agriculture (CSA): improved and sustainable livelihoods, climate adaptation, and climate mitigation: 1. Soil characteristics 2
Summary
Coffee is a global commodity crop which shapes tropical landscapes through its particular agricultural system (Harvey et al, 2021). Coffee landscapes are highly valuable for global climate and biodiversity (Jha et al, 2014; Pendrill et al, 2019). Coffee farming and processing is a major source of income for local populations (Harvey et al, 2021). Its Multiscale Benefits and CS-Coffee Practices cultivation may preserve local ecosystems, but it can degrade them (Jha et al, 2014; Martin et al, 2020). Adaptation to and mitigation of the effects of climate change will help secure local livelihoods, and have been shown to have global implications through teleconnections (Rahn et al, 2014; Pendrill et al, 2019; Verburg et al, 2019)
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