Abstract
The aim of investigating the coordination of the complex system constituted by resources, environment, ecology, economy and society subsystems (CSR3ES), is to achieve sustainable development by: (1) describing the complicated relationships of the inner-subsystems and inter-systems; (2) designing the calculation method of the coordination degree for CSR3ES; (3) analyzing its developing trends from a macro point of view through comprehensive coordination degree; and (4) to determine the direction of system restoration from a micro point of view based on the inner-subsystem and inter-subsystem coordination degree, and to develop specific improvement strategies. By setting a province-level administrative region as a decision-making unit (DMU), the nationwide coordination of CSR3ES was studied. The main conclusions are: (1) The coordination degree between the subsystems is directly influenced by interactions between the elements. (2) Within the provinces and autonomous regions (PARs) in China, the levels of coordinated development of inter-subsystems are high, while the coordinated development between the elements within a single subsystem level are low. Furthermore, a positive coherent effect is exerted on the comprehensive coordination degree of CSR3ES by the inter-system synergistic effects. (3) In terms of spatial correlation, five comprehensive coordinated development modes of CSR3ES are formed: the northeast regional coordination mode group; the northwest regional uncoordinated mode group; the southeast regional coordination mode group; the central regional random mode group; and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei polarization mode.
Highlights
Many complicated issues face the world’s population. These issues include resource problems, environmental issues, ecological problems, economic issues and social issues. All of these issues are caused, to a large extent, by serious incoordination of the complex system constituted by resources, environment, ecology, economy, and society subsystems (CSR3ES)
Some achievements [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] have been made in studying the coordination degree of the been made in studying the coordination degree of the complex systems, a few issues still need to complex systems, a few issues still need to be clarified: Firstly, many terms have emerged, for example resource environment, environmental resources, ecological environment and social be clarified: Firstly, many terms have emerged, for example resource environment, environmental resources, ecological environment and social economy
The majority of information can be obtained from census and statistical data
Summary
Many complicated issues face the world’s population. These issues include resource problems (over-exploitation of resources, waste of resources, etc.), environmental issues (air pollution, water contamination, etc.), ecological problems (loss of biodiversity, ecology damage, etc.), economic issues (imbalance of economic development, etc.) and social issues (uneven distribution of social resources, etc.). The coordinated development of a complex environment, ecology, economy and society (REEES) [2,3]. Some achievements [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] have been made in studying the coordination degree of the been made in studying the coordination degree of the complex systems, a few issues still need to complex systems, a few issues still need to be clarified: Firstly, many terms have emerged, for example resource environment, environmental resources, ecological environment and social. Due to the integrity of complex systems, this consideration is one-sided and unreasonable
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