Abstract
A Control technique of electric vehicles (EVs) cooperating with ac microgrids is considered as an important role with integration of renewable energy sources (RES), i.e. wind and solar farms. As known, the intermittent power generations of these RESs can provide significant changes of the frequency in microgrids. Consequently, outputs of these generations are regarded as continuous disturbances. Previously, the ability to permit frequency stabilizing effect was usually neglected in microgrid design; thereupon, the performance of controller may be ineffective to regulate the frequency in such a microgrid. To address this problem, a new coordination of EV, wind farm (WF), and photovoltaic (PV) for microgrid frequency regulation is proposed in this article. In the control design, the proposed adaptive PI controller is developed by using practical proportional integral (PI) controllers. An effect of a small delay is also considered in input-output pairs of the adaptive PI controllers. Simulation model is developed for validating the proposed controller. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed coordinated control technique of EVs, WF, and PV power generation provides a better frequency regulation performance than a fixed PI controller under various uncertainties such as wind and solar power fluctuations, ${N}$ -1 outages, disconnection of RESs, load variations, and the number of EVs.
Highlights
Energy management and the environmental crisis are challenging problems in electrical power systems, especially in modern microgrids, because of the restriction of conventional generators and uncertain load demands [1]–[3]
By using mine blast algorithm (MBA) based 2 degree of freedom PID [17], the results have demonstrated that the proposed controller can reduce adverse effects of uncertainties form wind farm (WF) and PVs; By using butterfly optimization (BO)-based
PFOID [18], the results have established the superiority of the BOA-based PFOID controllers under different operating points in terms of frequency fluctuation, tie-line power; By using yellow saddle goatfish algorithm (YSGA)-optimized dual-stage PIFOD-one plus proportional integral (PI) (PIFOD-(1 + PI)) [19], the results have shown that the proposed YSGA-optimized PIFOD-(1 + PI) can resist variations of wind turbine and system parameters
Summary
Energy management and the environmental crisis are challenging problems in electrical power systems, especially in modern microgrids, because of the restriction of conventional generators and uncertain load demands [1]–[3]. A few researches have been discussed a coordinated controller in a microgrid including EVs. load frequency control (LFC) in hybrid systems (comprising of WFs, PVs, EVs diesel generator, etc.) has been proposed in [16], [17]. The main contributions of this work are listed as follows: i) The control system is highly robust against various operations, uncertainties, and continuous disturbances, ii) Coordinated control of EVs and renewable energy sources for stabilizing frequency in a microgrid is achieved, iii) A small variable time delay in the proposed adaptive PI controller is considered, iv) A new algorithm, which can automatically change control parameters for frequency stability in a microgrid under various operations, is developed
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