Abstract
In this work transformation electromagnetics/optics (TE/TO) were employed to realize a non-homogeneous, anisotropic material-embedded beam-steerer using both a single antenna element and an antenna array without phase control circuitry. Initially, through theory and validation with numerical simulations it is shown that beam-steering can be achieved in an arbitrary direction by enclosing a single antenna element within the transformation media. Then, this was followed by an array with fixed voltages and equal phases enclosed by transformation media. This enclosed array was scanned, and the proposed theory was validated through numerical simulations. Furthermore, through full-wave simulations it was shown that a horizontal dipole antenna embedded in a metamaterial can be designed such that the horizontal dipole performs identically to a vertical dipole in free-space. Similarly, it was also shown that a material-embedded horizontal dipole array can perform as a vertical dipole array in free-space, all without the need of a phase shifter network. These methods have applications in scanning for wireless communications, radar, beam-forming, and steering.
Highlights
The concepts of transformation optics (TO) [1,2] have been used to control the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) fields in interesting and useful ways by using regions of non-homogeneous, anisotropic materials
Based on the form-invariant nature of Maxwell’s equations [3], the TO technique leads to implementation of unconventional electromagnetic devices using novel wave–matter interactions computed with coordinate transformations
∅s = 45◦ ; (b) beam-scanning of the “horizontal array” at ∅s = 90◦. It has been shown how transformation optics can be utilized to steer a beam in an arbitrary direction from a single antenna element and an antenna array without using phase control circuitry and beam-forming networks
Summary
The concepts of transformation optics (TO) [1,2] have been used to control the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) fields in interesting and useful ways by using regions of non-homogeneous, anisotropic materials. In [24], it was shown that the techniques of TO can be utilized to manipulate EM fields and rotate them in a specified direction This approach can be used to control radiation characteristics of an antenna element (as shown in Figure 1b) or an antenna array in free-space and to rotate it in a desired direction, realizing a beam-steerer using TO-based media. This specific TO approach results in material properties that require active tuning to achieve beam-steering, but significant advancements and attention given to reconfigurable material properties, in tunable constitutive parameters (permittivity and permeability), could in the future allow for practical implementation of novel beam-steering techniques [25,26,27,28]. Multiphysics is similar to the approaches taken by previous works and reported in [19,20,21,22,23,24]
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