Cooperative Chloride Hydrogel Electrolytes Enabling Ultralow-Temperature Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries by the Hofmeister Effect

Abstract

HighlightsThe electrochemical windows of the chloride hydrogel electrolytes are enlarged by >1 V under cryogenic conditions.The cells based on electrolytes with high Cl− concentrations can work in more severe environments.Based on the Hofmeister effect, the hydrogen-bond network of the electrolytes can be strongly interrupted by the addition of Li+.The full cell with the optimized hydrogel electrolyte presents impressive electrochemical performance at –50 °C.