Abstract
Despite its low computational cost, the Gradient Based Routing (GBR) broadcast of interest messages in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) causes significant packets duplications and unnecessary packets transmissions. This results in energy wastage, traffic load imbalance, high network traffic, and low throughput. Thanks to the emergence of fast and powerful processors, the development of efficient network coding strategies is expected to enable efficient packets aggregations and reduce packets retransmissions. For multiple sinks WSNs, the challenge consists of efficiently selecting a suitable network coding scheme. This article proposes a Cooperative and Adaptive Network Coding for GBR (CoAdNC-GBR) technique which considers the network density as dynamically defined by the average number of neighbouring nodes, to efficiently aggregate interest messages. The aggregation is performed by means of linear combinations of random coefficients of a finite Galois Field of variable size GF(2S) at each node and the decoding is performed by means of Gaussian elimination. The obtained results reveal that, by exploiting the cooperation of the multiple sinks, the CoAdNC-GBR not only improves the transmission reliability of links and lowers the number of transmissions and the propagation latency, but also enhances the energy efficiency of the network when compared to the GBR-network coding (GBR-NC) techniques.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in many military and civil applications such as the enemy detection in battlefields, disaster detection, and various monitoring applications [1]
Based on the identified drawbacks with the existing literature, the current paper introduces the idea of a Cooperative and Adaptive Network Coding for Gradient Based Routing (GBR) (CoAdNCGBR) technique in which the best network coding scheme is efficiently selected based on (i) the nodes’ adaptability to their density dynamics and (ii) message relay cooperation among neighbouring multiple sinks
The CoAdNC-GBR algorithm comes as an enhancement of the existing GBR-network coding (GBR-NC) protocol
Summary
WSNs are used in many military and civil applications such as the enemy detection in battlefields, disaster detection, and various monitoring applications (health, civil engineering structures, etc.) [1]. Note that the faster the processing speed of the processor, the shorter the state transitions and the smaller the energy consumption as modelled in [11] This implies that trading more computation complexity for intelligent packets aggregation (network coding) is worth a research aspect for investigation. This is because network coding schemes in the modern WSNs applications are capable of minimising the energy consumption of the overall network by reducing the number of duplicated transmissions. The CoAdNCGBR approach improves the overall energy efficiency of the network by reducing the number of retransmission attempts in contrast to the conventional approaches Another key feature employed by the CoAdNC-GBR approach is the cooperative strategy involving different multiple sink nodes when diffusing the interest messages throughout the network.
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