Abstract
Abstract. This paper discusses the significance of voluntary arrangements for the water and agricultural policies in the European Union. The current implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) require new approaches in water management. As many case studies have shown, co-operative agreements (CAs) between water companies, farmers and authorities can help to reduce environmental pressures on water bodies. The main reasons for that are: i) water companies are ready to advise and financially support farmers in changing production methods; ii) changes of farming practices are tailored to the site-specific requirements; iii) farmers and water companies are interested in minimising the costs and environmental pressures as they benefit, for example, from modernization of farming methods, and reductions in cost of water treatment, and iv) voluntarily agreed commitments to change farming practices are often stricter than statutory rules. Moreover, precautionary rather than remedial measures are preferred. Tackling diffuse pollution is one of the main concerns of the WFD. CAs can enhance the cost-effectiveness of actions within the programmes of measures so that good water status is achieved by 2015. In CAs all relevant stakeholders, located in catchment areas of agricultural usage, can be involved. Thus, they can help to foster integrated water resources management. In particular, disproportionate costs of changing farming practices can be identified. With regard to the recent CAP reform, financial support for farmers will be linked to compliance with environmental standards and further commitments. This concerns both direct payments and agri-environmental programmes. The experience gained in CAs can provide information on best agricultural practices. Informed farmers are more ready to meet environmental requirements. Because CAs implement the most cost-effective changes in farming practice, it can be assumed that farmers will not face considerable costs due to the new EU water and agricultural policies. Some examples of CAs are described and the significance of CAs in the implementation of the WFD and CAP reform will be highlighted. The article closes with an outlook on the needs of future research activities.
Highlights
The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) require new approaches in environmental policy
Catchment officers are employed to educate farmers. Another example is the Environmental Steward Scheme (ESS) of 2005 that aims to enhance biodiversity and where farmers are financially supported (Harris, 2006). All these initiatives contribute to less pollution in areas of agricultural usage; they may be less efficient than co-operative agreements (CA) where farmers are paid by water companies on the basis of mutual commitment, and on their site-specific expertise concerning the environmental conditions and needs
Are voluntary approaches needed to enforce compulsory rules? The importance of CAs has been proved for other environmental policies (Carraro and Leveque, 1999; Hagedorn, 2002)
Summary
The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) require new approaches in environmental policy. With regard to the recent reform of the CAP, one of the new requirements is to link financial aid provided to farmers to a better compliance with environmental standards and further commitments concerning public health, animal welfare and occupational safety This requirement concerns both the direct payments (EU Regulation 1782/2003) and subsidy programmes to support for rural development (EU Regulation 1698/2005). Good knowledge of the site-specific hydrological and agricultural conditions is indispensable in determining the appropriate local objectives and the most cost-effective measures to achieve them All these factors can influence the compliance with environmental standards. Small water companies can afford to finance voluntarily-agreed commitments, such as compensation payments to farmers, paying agricultural advisers and monitoring services Such a funding is already practised in some European Member States. Various policy instruments that can promote voluntary agreements will be pointed out, and the significance of such agreements for the implementation of the WFD and CAP reforms will be highlighted
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