Abstract
Coombs Hill, a new fossil locality in the Witpoort Formation (Witteberg Group) of South Africa, preserves a record of Famennian (Late Devonian) life in Gondwana. Fossil plants collected at Coombs Hill are preliminarily assigned to several classes. Shelly invertebrates include a variety of bivalve mollusc forms, some of which appear to be preserved in life position. Biodiversity at Coombs Hill is comparable to that of the well-known Waterloo Farm lagerstätte in ordinal diversity, but exhibits differences in species composition. Ongoing taxonomic analysis will provide a rare window into the ecology of high-latitude environments during this pivotal stage of Earth history, which immediately preceded the end-Devonian extinction. Sandstone dominated sedimentary facies at Coombs Hill suggest a high-energy coastal marine setting, with brackish back-barrier estuarine/lagoonally derived fossiliferous mudstones. Exact stratigraphic placement within the Witpoort Formation is hampered by structural deformation, and precise age comparisons with Waterloo Farm are currently tenuous.Significance:
 
 A new fossil locality at Coombs Hill comprises the second known site with a suite of well preserved continental and marginal marine fossils from the Witpoort Formation, providing an exceptionally rare example of high-latitude life during the critical latest Devonian Famennian age.
 Several new plant taxa will be diagnosed from this locality, which also gives important insights into the morphology of Archaeopteris notosaria, South Africa’s earliest known tree.
 Discovery of a second palaeontologically significant site in the Witpoort Formation provides impetus for further structural and sedimentary facies analyses to align the unit with datable global eustatic events, and to clarify its internal chronology.
Highlights
Coombs Hill (33°17’51.86”S 26°45’28.70”E) is situated within the predominantly quartzitic Witpoort Formation east of Makhanda (Figure 1)
The Witteberg Group accumulated in a shallow marine setting along the southern coastline of Gondwana, between the Givetian (Middle Devonian) and Visean (Early Carboniferous), with the Witpoort Formation being of Famennian age1,2 – a time in which the region was within the Antarctic Circle[3] (Figure 1)
We report the discovery of a new locality at Coombs Hill, 21 km to the east of Waterloo Farm
Summary
Coombs Hill (33°17’51.86”S 26°45’28.70”E) is situated within the predominantly quartzitic Witpoort Formation (mid Witteberg Group, Cape Supergroup) east of Makhanda (Figure 1). The Witteberg Group accumulated in a shallow marine setting along the southern coastline of Gondwana, between the Givetian (Middle Devonian) and Visean (Early Carboniferous), with the Witpoort Formation being of Famennian age1,2 – a time in which the region was within the Antarctic Circle[3] (Figure 1). The Witpoort Formation has, in recent decades, provided evidence for high-latitude latest Devonian life, exclusively from a single lagerstätte at Waterloo Farm (Figure 1), which comprises the only known high-latitude marginal marine ecosystem from the Famennian. Cooling is considered by many authors to have resulted from drawdown of CO2 associated with widespread vegetation of land.[9,10] Abundant vegetation at Coombs Hill and Waterloo Farm provides the only evidence for highlatitude forestation during the Late Devonian biocrisis
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