Abstract
Cool steam is an innovative distillation technology based on low-temperature thermal distillation (LTTD), which allows obtaining fresh water from non-safe water sources with substantially low energy consumption. LTTD consists of distilling at low temperatures by lowering the working pressure and making the most of low-grade heat sources (either natural or artificial) to evaporate water and then condensate it at a cooler heat sink. To perform the process, an external heat source is needed that provides the latent heat of evaporation and a temperature gradient to maintain the distillation cycle. Depending on the available temperature gradient, several stages can be implemented, leading to a multi-stage device. The cool steam device can thus be single or multi-stage, being raw water fed to every stage from the top and evaporated in contact with the warmer surface within the said stage. Acting as a heat carrier, the water vapor travels to the cooler surface and condensates in contact with it. The latent heat of condensation is then conducted through the conductive wall to the next stage. Net heat flux is then established from the heat source until the heat sink, allowing distilling water inside every parallel stage.
Highlights
In 2015, the United Nations (UN) updated the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (ASD)with 17 new goals to achieve before 2030, focused on ending poverty, protecting the environment, and ensuring dignity and equality
Only electricity is required as an energy input
The heat represents the main portion of the energy input and is usually supplied to the system by several external sources and the system needs electricity, which is mainly used to drive the system’s pumps
Summary
In 2015, the United Nations (UN) updated the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (ASD)with 17 new goals to achieve before 2030, focused on ending poverty, protecting the environment, and ensuring dignity and equality. Action Decade” was declared by the General Assembly of UN, a global program meant to develop the strategies to achieve all water-related targets before 2030 [2]. With no minor importance for its connection to water, Goal 2 of the ASD, in particular 2.4, urges ensuring sustainable food production systems and implementing resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding, and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality. Challenges are intensifying, concerning the overpopulation of the Southeastern Mediterranean (SEM) region due to migratory flows, or climate change with already noticeable effects in water scarcity and increasingly frequent natural disasters [6]. The population of the Mediterranean countries is and will be highly concentrated in coastal areas in large megalopolis (approximately 200 million people in 2030 [7,8])
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