Cool Mama: Temperature regulation during high-intensity interval running in pregnant elite and recreational athletes

Abstract

BackgroundRegular exercise during pregnancy is beneficial, but athletes often exceed the recommended 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity, incorporate high-intensity exercises. The upper limit for exercise intensity and duration on fetal and maternal safety remains uncertain. A concern is a maternal core body temperature of >39.0˚C, potentially increase the risk of heat-related fetal malformations and complications during pregnancy. Blood flow redirection for thermoregulation could compromise fetal cardiovascular function, increasing the risk of miscarriage and preterm labor. This study evaluated whether pregnant women (gestational weeks 25-35) were at risk of exceeding a core body temperature of 39.0 °C during high-intensity running. We also investigated effects on skin temperature, fluid loss, and thermal sensation, comparing pregnant athletes to non-pregnant controls. MethodsIn this comparative cross-sectional study, 30 elite and recreational athletes (pregnant n=15) completed up to five high-intensity treadmill-intervals. Core and skin temperature were continuously measured. Body weight was utilized to calculate the amount of fluid loss. ResultsHighest core body temperature were 38.76°C and 39.56°C in one pregnant and non-pregnant participant, respectively. Pregnant participants had lower core body temperatures (mean difference -0.47°C, p≤0.001) initially and a smaller increase (0.10°C, p≤0.003) during later intervals compared with the non-pregnant controls. Pregnant participants also showed a greater increase in skin temperature (4.08±0.72°C vs. 3.25±0.86°C, p=0.008) and fluid loss (0.81±0.19 L vs. 0.50±0.12 L, p˂0.001). ConclusionPhysiological changes in pregnancy may enhance thermoregulation, indicating that high-intensity interval runs are unlikely to pose a risk of exceeding a core body temperature of 39°C for pregnant athletes.