Abstract
A total of 470 edible vegetable oil samples including peanut, soybean, rapeseed, sesame seed, corn, blend, and others collected from eight provinces of China were analyzed for the concentrations of beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A (ENA), A1 (ENA1), B (ENB), and B1 (ENB1) by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS/MS). Concentrations of BEA, ENB, and ENB1 (average = 5.59 μg/kg, 5.16 μg/kg, and 4.61 μg/kg) in all positive samples were higher than those for ENA and ENA1 (average = 0.85 μg/kg and 1.88 μg/kg). Frequencies of BEA and ENNs in all analyzed samples were all higher than 50% with the exception of ENA1 (36.6%, 172/470). Levels of BEA and ENNs in all analyzed samples varied based on their sample types and geographical distributions (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05). The soybean and peanut oil samples were found to be more easily contaminated by BEA and ENNs than other oil samples. Concentrations of BEA and ENNs in samples obtained from Heilongjiang, Shandong and Guizhou were higher than those found in samples from other provinces. Besides, frequencies of mycotoxin co-contaminations were high and their co-contamination types also varied by oil types. BEA-ENA-ENA1-ENB-ENB1 was the most commonly found toxin combination type, almost in one third of the analyzed samples (30%, 141/470). Overall, these results indicate that co-occurrence of BEA and ENNs in analyzed Chinese edible vegetable oil samples is highly common, and it is vital to monitor them, both simultaneously and on a widespread level.
Highlights
Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs) are emerging cyclic hexadepsipeptides mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, and F. poae [1,2]
According to the scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of BEA and ENNs in food and feed, 29 naturally occurring ENN analogues have been identified, but only four ENNs including enniatin A (ENA), A1 (ENA1 ), B (ENB), and B1 (ENB1 ) are most frequently detected in various foods and feeds [3]
In China, vegetable oils are often made from seeds such as peanut, soybean, rapeseed, and others, which may be contaminated by mycotoxins and mycotoxin-producing fungi, including BEA and
Summary
Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs) are emerging cyclic hexadepsipeptides mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, and F. poae [1,2]. They are structurally related and consisting of three alternating hydroxyisovaleryl and N-methylamino acid residues [1,2]. According to the scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of BEA and ENNs in food and feed, 29 naturally occurring ENN analogues have been identified, but only four ENNs including enniatin A (ENA), A1 (ENA1 ), B (ENB), and B1. To our knowledge, there are no systematic contamination data about the natural occurrence of BEA and ENNs in the edible vegetable oil samples up to now
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