Converting forests into rubber plantations weakened the soil CH4 sink in tropical uplands

Rong Lang,Sergey Blagodatsky,Rhett D Harrison,Georg Cadisch,Stefanie Goldberg,Jianchu Xu,Hans‐Peter Piepho

doi:10.1002/ldr.3417

Abstract

AbstractLarge‐scale conversion of natural forest to rubber plantations has taken place for decades in Southeast Asia, help to make it a deforestation hot spot. Besides negative changes in biodiversity, ecosystem water, and carbon budgets, converting forests to plantations often reduced CH4 uptake by soils. The latter process, which might be partly responsible for resumed increase in the growth rate of CH4 atmospheric concentrations since 2006, has not been adequately investigated. We measured soil surface CH4 fluxes during 2014 and 2015 in natural forests and rubber plantations of different age and soil textures in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China—a representative area for this type of land‐use change. Natural forest soils were stronger CH4 sinks than rubber soils, with annual CH4 fluxes of −2.41 ± 0.28 and −1.01 ± 0.23 kg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Water‐filled pore space was the main factor explaining the differences between natural forests and rubber plantations, even reverting rubber soils temporarily from CH4 sink into a methane source during the rainy season in older plantations. Soil nitrate content was often lower under rubber plantations. Added as a model covariate, this factor improved explanation power of the CH4 flux—water‐filled pore space regression. Although soils under rubber plantation were more clayey than soils under natural forest, this was not the decisive factor driving higher soil moisture and lower CH4 uptake in rubber soils. Thus, the conversion of forests into rubber plantations exerts a negative impact on the CH4 balance in the tropics and likely contributes to global climate.

Highlights

An unprecedented agricultural expansion across the tropics driven by economic development is associated with extensive deforestation; that is, more than 55% of new agricultural land derived at the expense of intact forests, and 28% from disturbed forests from 1980 to 2000 (Gibbs et al, 2010)
CH4 fluxes increased with increasing precipitation and temperature from dry to rainy season, with soils under rubber tending to act as CH4 source from August to September when precipitation was abundant (Figure 2b,c, shaded periods)
The mean CH4 fluxes from natural forests were significantly lower than fluxes measured under rubber plantations, with a mean flux of −27.2 ± 3.4 and −10.4 ± 2.6 μg C m−2 hr−1, respectively (Table 1)

Summary

Introduction

An unprecedented agricultural expansion across the tropics driven by economic development is associated with extensive deforestation; that is, more than 55% of new agricultural land (including tree plantations) derived at the expense of intact forests, and 28% from disturbed forests from 1980 to 2000 (Gibbs et al, 2010). Tree plantations account for a large portion of total agricultural land; they increased rapidly in Southeast Asia (Gibbs et al, 2010). The area of rubber plantation in Asia reached 10.4 million ha in 2017, accounting for 89% of world total area (FAOSTAT, 2019), and an expansion by 4.3–8.5 million ha in a decade was predicted to meet the continually growing demand for natural rubber (Warren‐Thomas et al, 2015)

Objectives

Results

Conclusion