Conversion of Surface Residual Alkali to Solid Electrolyte to Enable Na-Ion Full Cells with Robust Interfaces.

Abstract

The deposition of volatilized Na+ on the surface of the cathode during sintering results in the formation of surface residual alkali (NaOH/Na2 CO3 NaHCO3 ) in layered cathode materials, leading to serious interfacial reactions and performance degradation. This phenomenon is particularly evident in O3-NaNi0.4 Cu0.1 Mn0.4 Ti0.1 O2 (NCMT). In this study, a strategy is proposed to transform waste into treasure by converting residual alkali into a solid electrolyte. Mg(CH3 COO)2 and H3 PO4 are reacted with surface residual alkali to generate the solid electrolyte NaMgPO4 on the surface of NCMT, which can be labeled as NaMgPO4@NaNi0.4 Cu0.1 Mn0.4 Ti0.1 O2 -X (NMP@NCMT-X, where X indicates the different amounts of Mg2+ and PO4 3- ). NaMgPO4 acts as a special ionic conductivity channel on the surface to improve the kinetics of the electrode reactions, remarkably improving the rate capability of the modified cathode at a high current density in the half-cell. Additionally, NMP@NCMT-2 enables a reversible phase transition from the P3 to OP2 phase in the charge-discharge process above 4.2V and achieves a high specific capacity of 157.3 mAh g-1 and outstanding capacity retention in the full cell. The strategy can effectively and reliably stabilize the interface and improve the performance of layered cathodes for Na-ion batteries (NIBs).