Abstract
Cracking catalytic palm oil (CPO) into hydrocarbon fuel by saponification pretreatment has been carried out with bentonite and limestone-based catalysts. The catalysts used were Na-bentonite and Limestone NTT which were first analyzed using XRF, XRD, and SEM. Saponification pretreatment was carried out on CPO to facilitate the cracking process using a catalyst. The saponification product in the form of a mixture of soap and glycerol was then analyzed by DSC to determine the degradation temperature. Catalytic cracking is carried out in two stages, namely, the first stage hydrocracking at a temperature of 250-350°C using a stainless steel reactor is the source of catalyst Fe / Cr. The resulting distillate was then cracked again using a Na-bentonite catalyst and a TKNTT catalyst. The resulting fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel which is confirmed from the FT-IR results which indicate the presence of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds. This data is also supported by the results of the GC-MS analysis which shows that the fuel fraction produced is mostly biogasoline. Where cracking using a Na-bentonite catalyst produces a biogasoline fraction of 61.36% and a biodiesel fraction of 38.63%, THAT produces a biogasoline fraction of 88.88% and a biodiesel fraction of 11.11%. The characteristics of the hydrocarbon fuels that have been analyzed show that the calorific value of combustion is 6101 cal/g which is determined using a bomb calorimeter, and the cetane index is 62 which is analyzed using CCI. Both types of hydrocarbon fuels have met the physical requirements that must be possessed by biogasoline fuel based on SNI standards.
Highlights
Cracking catalytic palm oil (CPO) into hydrocarbon fuel by saponification pretreatment has been carried out with bentonite and limestone-based catalysts
According to widya (2015), There are various grades of CPO (Crude Palm Oil) that can be used as an alternative to raw materials, biofuel namely standard CPO (FFA < 5%), off-grade CPO (FFA 5 20%), waste CPO (FFA 20 70 Determination of free fatty acids can be carried out using the alkaline titration method (NaOH)
This is in accordance with the statement of Maligan (2014) which stated that the principle of acidbase titration is the analysis of the amount of free fatty acids in a sample which is equivalent to the amount of base (NaOH) added in the titration which is marked by a change in the color of the sample to pink
Summary
Cracking catalytic palm oil (CPO) into hydrocarbon fuel by saponification pretreatment has been carried out with bentonite and limestone-based catalysts. Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is one of the potential alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuels, this is because palm oil has a long carbon chain similar to the hydrocarbon chains in fossils. Crude Palm Oil can be processed to produce alternative fuels (biofuels) such as biodiesel and biogasoline which are possible to replace fossil fuels (Nurjanah et al, 2013). World still placed Indonesia as the main producer of CPO with a production volume of 23.9 million tons of CPO/year This shows that Indonesia has enormous potential to produce biogasoline or other fuel oils derived from palm oil (Jatmiko, Qodri., 2021). The catalytic cracking reaction is the reaction of cracking(cracking) using a catalyst material (heterogeneous catalysts) as the material is capable of accelerating the reaction rate to achieve equilibrium and produce a final product through the reaction of the carbonium ion formation mechanism. (S, Donatus. 2015)
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