Abstract
Increased population, rapid urbanization, and industrialization have made the world more dependent on conventional fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the exhaustible sources of energy production that emit a considerable amount of greenhouse gases and particulate matter, which lead to global warming. Municipal solid waste and lignocellulosic biomass are promising energy sources to produce carbon-neutral fuels. Various routes have been investigated to produce clean fuels from municipal solid waste. This chapter reviews various technologies for the conversion of municipal solid waste to clean fuels through physical routes (e.g., refinement, briquetting, and pelletizing), thermochemical routes (e.g., torrefaction, gasification, liquefaction, pyrolysis, and incineration), and biological routes (e.g., anaerobic digestion and fermentation). Such processes differ in their operating conditions, product type, yield, and composition as well as efficiency. Different biofuel products derived from the conversion of municipal solid waste discussed in this chapter include bio-oil, biochar, biogas, synthesis gas, and bioethanol. The management of municipal solid waste in Canada is comprehensively discussed as a case study.
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