Abstract
The increasing demand for petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grows population impacts daily. A greener and more sustainable raw material, lignocellulose, is a promising replacement of petroleum-based raw materials to convert into bio-PET. This paper reviews the recent development of lignocellulose conversion into bio-PET through bioethanol reaction pathways. This review addresses lignocellulose properties, bioethanol production processes, separation processes of bioethanol, and the production of bio-terephthalic acid and bio-polyethylene terephthalate. The article also discusses the current industries that manufacture alcohol-based raw materials for bio-PET or bio-PET products. In the future, the production of bio-PET from biomass will increase due to the scarcity of petroleum-based raw materials.
Highlights
IntroductionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
The beginning process is the pretreatment of ionic liquid, microwave, dilute acid, or steam explosion, following hydrolysis and fermentation
Kulshrestha et al reported that the saccharification yield was 95.5%, using ethyl ammonium nitrate (IL), whereas, among hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES), menthol: lactic acid exhibited the saccharification yield of 85.7%, which did not require any additional high temperature or other pretreatments for hydrolysis
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The physical, chemical, physical-chemical technologies, and biological are applied through the pretreatment stage This process aims to separate main components in lignocellulose into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The physical pretreatment is conducted to reduce the size of lignocellulose particle, degree of polymerization, and crystallinity of lignocellulose and enlarge the surface area of the particle [11] This method consists of milling, microwave, extrusion, and ultrasonic. The chemical pretreatment methods include alkaline hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, organosolv process, ionic liquid, and deep eutectic solvents [9] These methods will deteriorate the structure of lignocellulose with the chemical substances in the absence of pressure [12]. The study considers the importance of lignocellulose as a sustainable raw material via bioethanol pathway to produce bio-PET in the future. The recent industrial scale of reactants for making bio-PET or bio-PET reveals the development of bio-PET in the world
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