Abstract
In this study, a carbon-based solid acid was created through the sulfonation of carbon obtained from the hydrothermal pretreatment of glucose. Additionally, ethyl levulinate, a viable liquid biofuel, was produced from furfuryl alcohol using the environmentally benign and low-cost catalyst in ethanol. Studies for optimizing the reaction conditions, such as reaction time, temperature, and catalyst loading, were performed. Under the optimal conditions, a maximum ethyl levulinate yield of 67.1% was obtained. The recovered catalyst activity (Ethyl levulinate yield 57.3%) remained high after being used four times, and it was easily regenerated with a simple sulfonation process. Moreover, the catalyst was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, elemental analysis, and acid-base titration techniques.
Highlights
Because of the recent diminishment of fossil fuel resources, as well as environmental degradation resulting from greenhouse gas emissions, significant effort has been devoted to converting renewable biomass into liquid fuels, fuel additives, and organic bulk chemicals [1,2,3]
It should be noted that furfural can be derived from the hydrolysis and dehydration of xylan contained in hemicellulose-rich biomass, including corncobs, corn stock, rice hulls, and olive
The prepared glucose-derived carbonaceous catalyst (GCC) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, and acid-base titration
Summary
Because of the recent diminishment of fossil fuel resources, as well as environmental degradation resulting from greenhouse gas emissions, significant effort has been devoted to converting renewable biomass into liquid fuels, fuel additives, and organic bulk chemicals [1,2,3]. It should be noted that furfural can be derived from the hydrolysis and dehydration of xylan contained in hemicellulose-rich biomass, including corncobs, corn stock, rice hulls, and olive. It should be noted that furfural can be derived from the hydrolysis andPresently, dehydration of are xylan contained in hemicellulose-rich biomass, including corncobs, stock, stones. The conversion of FA into EL is regarded as an strategy that has several advantages, reaction temperature, cheaper material, economic and convenient strategyincluding that haslower several advantages, including lower raw reaction and higher product yield. Little effort has been made to employ this approach to produce temperature, cheaper raw material, and higher product yield. The recovered catalyst possessed good catalytic activity (EL yield 57.3%), even after four four cycles, and it was regenerated by a simple sulfonation process. Characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, elemental analysis, and acid-base titration techniques
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