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Abstract
New biomimetic micro- and nano-CsU-based fibrous scaffolds electrospun from solution containing high purity-medical grade chitosan (CsU) of fungus origin (CsU1, Mv ~174,000 and CsU2, 205,000, degree of deacetylation (DDA) ~65%) and polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mv ~ 900,000), in the presence of given amounts of Triton X-100 (from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%) as surfactant were fabricated. We demonstrate that by carefully selecting compositions and surfactant levels, porous mats with CsU content up to 90% (at this molecular weight and DDA) were achieved. Remarkable long-term stability in water or phosphate buffer solution storage were obtained by developing post-electrospinning treatment allowing the complete elimination of the PEO from the CsU-fibers as demonstrated by TGA, DSC and ESEM analysis. Subsequent reacetylation procedure was applied to convert 2D biomimetic chitosan mats to chitin (CsE)-based ones while preserving the nanofiber structure. This innovative procedure allows tuning and modifying the thermal, mechanical properties and more importantly the biodegradation abilities (fast enzymatic biodegradation in some cases and slower on the others) of the prepared nanofibrous mats. The established reproducible method offers the unique advantage to modulate the membrane properties leading to stable 2D biomimetic CsU and/or chitin (CsE) scaffolds tailor-made for specific purposes in the field of tissue engineering.
Highlights
Chitin (CsE) or poly(β-(1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose] is an abundant and naturally occurring polysaccharide and one of the most popular and studied biopolymers [1]
The first aim of this paper is to report on a robust process for the formation of nonwoven mats of chitosan nanofibers, stable in water and in phosphate buffer by electrospinning of a high molecular weight and medical grade CsUs of fungus origin with average level of degree of deacetylation (DDA) ~65%
We investigated an acetylation procedure to convert the obtained 2D biomimetic chitosan mat to chitin-based one while preserving the nanofiber
Summary
Chitin (CsE) or poly(β-(1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose] is an abundant and naturally occurring polysaccharide and one of the most popular and studied biopolymers [1]. CsE has a crystalline structure and is commonly found as a constituent of the exoskeleton of invertebrates as crustacean and molluscs [2]. It is a main polymer component of the cell wall of some fungi and yeasts [3]. Being just behind cellulose in the amount of annual biosynthesis production, chitin leads to chitosan by deacetylation yielding to novel biomaterials (CsU) (Scheme 1) [5]. CsU is nontoxic, biodegradable and possesses antimicrobial properties that have led to significant research towards biological applications such as drug delivery, artificial tissue scaffolds for functional tissue engineering, and wound dressings [6]. Depending on the source and deacetylation method, the molecular weight ranges from 100 to over
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