Abstract
<p>Ablution process consumes a huge amount of water especially in mosques for cleaning certain part of the body before performing prayers. The high volume of ablution water produced in mosques and its low strength in quality makes it a feasible option to be reused. This paper introduced an assessment of conventional filtration (sand and gravel) in treating ablution water for reuse purposes and its water savings potential in mosques. The treatment system has assessed its capability for reuse and its water savings potential. A pilot scale of filtration system was developed and was run with the ablution water from the Parit Raja mosque and the Pintas Puding mosque. The samples were taken during Friday noon prayer between January to March 2013. The efficiency of the conventional filtration system was tested for the effluent quality of NH<sub>3</sub>, TSS, COD, and BOD. The case study of water savings estimation for the proposed system was undertaken at Pintas Puding mosque. It was determined based on the quantity of ablution water, water consumption, water demand, and water bills record. The results deduced that the conventional sand filtration can improve the water quality parameters; 0.60-0.05mg/L reduction of nitrogen ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), 6.0-1.53mg/L of suspended solids (TSS), 3.12-0.15mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 27.67-4.16mg/L of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The treatment system was projected to save water consumption by 41.73% and RM180.16 of water saving per month. Water consumption was estimated to be further reduced to 50.83% if reused activities such as irrigation and toilet flushing were applied. Hence, annual water savings could reach up to RM2161.92 per year. With the current instability of water resources, the implementation of the conventional filtration system for ablution water in the mosques provides water security and water resources conservation option for the country.</p>
Highlights
The interests in reusing ablution water in most arid and semi-arid countries have been heightened due to the increase of water demand, water shortage, and prolong drought
This paper introduced an assessment of conventional filtration in treating ablution water for reuse purposes and its water savings potential in mosques
The suspended solid were made of inorganic materials, through bacteria and algae which were due to the gargling activity during ablution (Fondriest, 2015)
Summary
The interests in reusing ablution water in most arid and semi-arid countries have been heightened due to the increase of water demand, water shortage, and prolong drought. High amount of greywater is produced in more than 700000 mosques in Indonesia due to the large number of Muslims (Uteberta et al, 2011).On the other hand, water-rich countries have less value in reusing the ablution water due to the fact that they have water security from the rainfall. Early this year, Malaysia faced water shortage which affected more than seven million consumers in Klang Valley in which resulted in the reduction of water level at Sungai Selangor dam. Muslim countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia or Middle East countries can be ascertained that ablution water and mosques are one of big sources of greywater in the country (Uteberta et al, 2011)
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