Conventional sintering of nano-crystalline Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia enables high-strength, highly translucent and opalescent dental ceramics

Abstract

Development of restorative materials capable of mimicking optical and mechanical performance of natural teeth is a quest in aesthetic density. Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) ceramics represent one of the most popular choices for dental restorations, owing to their biocompatibility, white colour, and the possibility to use CAD-CAM technologies. In particular, YSZ doped with 3 mol. % yttria (3YSZ) is popular because it presents high strength. Nonetheless, the limited light transmission of commercially available high strength 3YSZ does not meet the requirements of highly aesthetic cases. On the other side, YSZ presenting a larger portion of yttria are more translucent but exhibit modest strength. Here, we report on fabrication of dense zirconia nanostructures in bulk form via conventional pressure-less sintering at temperatures down to 1100–1200 °C, achieving highly translucent and strong 3YSZ with significant opalescent behaviour. Both Hall−Petch and inverse Hall-Petch relationship were observed in 3YSZ samples with average grain size in the range of 250 nm and 55 nm, demonstrating the importance of grain size control to enhance both optical and mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics, simultaneously. Maximum biaxial strength of 1980 ± 260 MPa, in-line light transmission of 38% in the visible spectrum and opalescence approaching that of enamel were obtained at optimum grain size of 80 ± 5 nm. The notable optical properties are linked to the miniaturization of the residual pores and refinement of grain size towards the nanoscale while the superior mechanical strength is justified by the activation of different energy dissipation processes at nano and macroscale.