Conventional and new laboratory parameters in the evaluation of hematologic disease

Abstract

Laboratory investigation plays a crucial role in the workup of hematological disease. The well established method of morphological analysis of blood components has been continuously complemented by other methods. On one hand, these consist of considerable improvements of methods employed for automated cell enumeration allowing for early and accurate detection of cell subpopulations, and quantification of valuable red cell parameters, which are of use in the differential diagnosis of anemia. On the other hand, several parameters for the differentiation of microcytic anemia have become available often allowing for the sometimes difficult diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease, iron deficiency anemia, or thalassemia (ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, transferrin saturation, RDW, zinc protoporphyrin, as well as reticulocyte indices CHr, Ret-Y Hypo%). In macrocytic anemia, introduction of methods to measure methylmalonic acid (MMA), homocystein, holotranscobalamin (holo-TC), complement the determinations of vitamin concentrations (vitamin B12, folic acid in serum and erythrocytes). Employing these newer parameters in addition to the well established ones allows for detection of early or combined disease. The clinician has to know the diagnostic characteristics not only of the old but also of the newer parameters.