Abstract
The flow of the hybrid nanofluid (copper–titanium dioxide/water) over a nonlinearly stretching surface was studied with suction and radiation effect. The governing partial differential equations were then converted into non-linear ordinary differential equations by using proper similarity transformations. Therefore, these equations were solved by applying a numerical technique, namely Chebyshev pseudo spectral differentiation matrix. The results of the flow field, temperature distribution, reduced skin friction coefficient and reduced Nusselt number were deduced. It was found that the rising of the mass flux parameter slows down the velocity and, hence, decreases the temperature. Further, on enlarging the stretching parameter, the velocity and temperature increases and decreases, respectively. In addition, it was mentioned that the radiation parameter can effectively control the thermal boundary layer. Finally, the temperature decreases when the values of the temperature parameter increases.
Highlights
The analysis of flows due to stretched surface through heat transfer is considered, owing to their possible demands in several industrial procedures
Khanafer et al [5], and Das and Tiwari [6] have examined the heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersion
Motivated by the above-mentioned studies, this paper considers the convective heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid over a nonlinearly stretching surface with radiation effect
Summary
The analysis of flows due to stretched surface through heat transfer is considered, owing to their possible demands in several industrial procedures. The rate of stretching in a hot/cold fluids greatly depends upon the quality of the material with the desired properties In such a process, heat transfer has an important role in controlling the cooling rate (see Fisher [1]; Tidmore and Klein [2]). After Huminic and Huminic [7], these hybrid nanofluids are a species of fluids that contain extremely small particles of dimensions under 100 nm. They consist of two or three solid materials amalgamated with classical fluids (such as water, water ethylene glycol mixture or ethylene glycol, kerosene and engine, vegetable or paraffin oils). To the authors’ knowledge, the present results are original and new
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