Abstract

We address the situation in which vibration is applied to thin layers of granular material with water filling the pore space, but with air above. Beyond a critical drive parameter we observe heap-shaped convecting domains of nontrivial topology, which exhibit cracks as the forcing amplitude is further increased. We summarize these results in a phase diagram, understand the onset of the convecting heaps as a manifestation of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability for fluids, and measure the response of isolated convecting structures.

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