Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) plays an essential role in mineral homeostasis and bone remodeling. A number of different VD-related genes (VDRG) are required for the metabolic activation of VD and the subsequent induction of its target genes. They include a set of genes that encode for VD-binding protein, metabolic enzymes, and the VD receptor. In addition to its well-characterized skeletal function, the immunoregulatory activities of VD and the related polymorphisms of VDRG have been reported and linked to its therapeutic and preventive actions for the control of several viral diseases. However, in regards to their roles in the progression of viral diseases, inconsistent and, in some cases, contradictory results also exist. To resolve this discrepancy, I conducted an extensive literature search by using relevant keywords on the PubMed website. Based on the volume of hit papers related to a certain viral infection, I summarized and compared the effects of VD and VDRG polymorphism on the infection, pathogenesis, and treatment outcomes of clinically important viral diseases. They include viral hepatitis, respiratory viral infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and other viral diseases, which are caused by herpesviruses, dengue virus, rotavirus, and human papillomavirus. This review will provide the most current information on the nutritional and clinical utilization of VD and VDRG in the management of the key viral diseases. This information should be valuable not only to nutritionists but also to clinicians who wish to provide evidence-based recommendations on the use of VD to virally infected patients.
Highlights
A number of different Vitamin D (VD)-related genes (VDRG) are required for the metabolic activation of VD and the subsequent induction of its target genes
They are caused by the viruses of clinical importance, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), respiratory viruses (influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)), dengue virus (DENV), rotavirus, and human papillomavirus (HPV)
Since VD-related genes (VDRG) plays a key role in the maintenance of proper plasma VD concentration, many studies aimed to identify the potential effects of VDRG polymorphisms on viral diseases
Summary
Vitamin D (VD) is an essential micronutrient required for the intestinal absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphate and the maintenance of bone strength. Based on the volume of hit papers related to a certain viral infection, I summarized and compared the effects of VD and VDRG polymorphism on the infection, pathogenesis, and treatment outcomes of key viral diseases (Figure 1) They are caused by the viruses of clinical importance, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), respiratory viruses (influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)), dengue virus (DENV), rotavirus, and human papillomavirus (HPV). I proposed the future research direction to resolve the controversy on the role of VD and VDRG in the pathogenesis of viral diseases
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