Abstract
In this study, the effects of nanosecond-pulsed laser and pattern design were researched on the wettability of titanium material. Nanosecond-pulsed laser and heat treatment are used to fabricate superhydrophobic titanium surfaces. The effects of laser power (1–3 W) and step size (50–300 µm) on a microscale patterned titanium surface (line pattern and grid pattern) were investigated to explain the relation between microstructure and superhydrophobicity. The surface morphologies and wettability of the surfaces were analyzed by three-dimensional confocal microscopy and a contact angle meter. The results show that the laser power and pattern design affected the apparent contact angle (CA) and sliding angle (SA). The maximum step size, which could show superhydrophobicity with apparent CA > 150° and SA < 10°, was increased when the laser power increased from 1 to 3 W. Grid pattern showed isotropic wetting behavior, but line pattern showed both isotropic and anisotropic wetting behavior according to step size and laser power. Furthermore, when choosing the proper laser power and step size, the wetting properties of superhydrophobic surface such as lotus effect (apparent CA > 150° and SA < 10°) and petal effect (apparent CA > 150° and no SA) and isotropic/anisotropic behavior can be controlled for applications of water droplet control.
Highlights
The superhydrophobicity of a solid surface (an apparent contact angle (CA) bigger than 150◦ and a sliding angle (SA) smaller than 10◦) is very important for functional surfaces, and it has attracted the attention of many researchers for applications such as water collection [1], self-cleaning [2], water repellence [3], antifouling [4], antibacterial surfaces [5], anticorrosion [6], anti-icing [7], and so on
Immediately after laser surface texturing, the surface was hydrophilic, and the surface became a superhydrophobic surface after a long time under ambient conditions
Laser surface texturing for wetting modification has been extensively superhydrophobic surface after a long time under ambient conditions
Summary
The superhydrophobicity of a solid surface (an apparent contact angle (CA) bigger than 150◦ and a sliding angle (SA) smaller than 10◦) is very important for functional surfaces, and it has attracted the attention of many researchers for applications such as water collection [1], self-cleaning [2], water repellence [3], antifouling [4], antibacterial surfaces [5], anticorrosion [6], anti-icing [7], and so on. A superhydrophobic surface has been achieved by the fabrication of micro/nanometer-scale rough structures [8] through different methods, such as coating [9], laser texturing [10], UV irradiation [11], and so on. These techniques all require either special equipment or complex process control. Laser surface texturing for wetting modification has been extensively superhydrophobic surface after a long time (several days or months) under ambient conditions. Some researchers used laser 2boefa1m2 machining on a titanium surface, such as a ultrashort picosecond laser [15] or a laser smtuidcrieodmianchdiinffinerge,ntomcarteeartiaelsmaiscrmosettraulc[t1u2r]e, sp, oalynmd etrhse[n13t]hoerycearpapmliiecds [a14]t.oxSiocmceheremseisaorrcphteiorsnupseodst lpasreorcebsesaomn mthaecsheinminicgroosntraucttiutarnesiu[m16]suorfapclae,cesducthheasmaicuroltsrtarsuhcoturtrepsicionseacmobnidenltasaeir [f1o5r] 3o0r daalyassetro mmiacrkoemtahcehisnuirnfga,cetos chryeadtreomphicorboisctr[u1c0t]u. rPerse, vainodusthsetnutdhieys ahpapvleiemd aintolyxicfocchuesmedisoornpthioonwpotost pprrodceuscse osnuptheerhseydmroicprhosotbriucctmureetsal[l1ic6]sourrfpalcaecsedotrhechmanicgrionsgtruthcteurwesetitninagmbeiehnatvaioirr fofrro3m0 dhayydsrotophmilaickietythteo ssuurpfaecrehsyhdyrdorpohpohboibcitcy[1o0n].mPeretavlisouwshsetnuduiseisnhgalvaesemrabienalymfomcuacshedinoingh.ow to produce superhydrophobic metalRlieccseunrtflayc,eas osor lcuhtaionngicnogmthbeinwinegttinnagnobseehcaovnidorpfruolmsedhyladsreorpahnildicihtyeatto tsruepatemrheyndtrtoophporebviceintyt othne muesatagles wofhteonxuicsicnhgelmasicearlbseanmdmloancghinfainbgri.cation time has been reported to form superhydrophobic coppReerce[n17tl]y,, taitsaonluiutimon[c1o8m], baindingalnuamnoinsuecmongdrpidu-lpsaedttelarnserdansudrhfaecaetstr[e1a9t]m. eHnot wtoepvreerv, ernetstehaercuhsahgaes offotcouxsiecdchmemainiclaylsoanntdhleonchgafnagbericinatiwonettimnge bheahs abveieonr roenpoorntelyd tgorifdo-rpmatstuerpneerdhysdurrofpacheosb. iTc hcoepepffeerc[t1s7o],f tpitatntieurmn d[1e8si]g, nanadndalulamseinr upmowgerrido-npatthtersnuepdesruhryfdacroesph[1o9b]i.cHityowofevmeer,tarelsseuarrfcahcehsa,swfohcicuhseadlsmo apilnalyysoann tihmepcohratnangte rinolwe einttionpgtibmehizaavtiornoonf ofnablyrigcartidio-npattitmereneads swuerlflacaess.pTehrfeoremffeacntcseoof fpasuttperenrhdyedsriogpnhaonbdic lsauserfrapceoswinerinodnutshterysuanpdermhyadnruofpachtoubricnigty, hoafvme netoatlbseuernfascteusd, iwedhiyceht.aIlnsothpislaryeseaanrcihm, pthoerteafnfetcrtoolef tihne omptiicmroisztartuiocntuoref fbabasriecdatoionn ptiamtteerans wdeslligans,plearsfeorrmpaonwceero, fasnudpesrtehpydsriozpehoonbiscuspuerrfahcyedsrionpihnodbuisctirty awnads mstaunduiefadc.tuTrhiengo,bhtavineendortebseuelntssctouudlidedpyroetv.iIdnetahius srefsuelargcuhi,dtehetoefsfecletcotftthhee pmriocproerstlrauscetrurpeobwaesre,dsotenp psaizttee,rnanddespigantt,elransedr epsoigwnerf,oarndvasrtieopusizpeuorpnossuepseirnhytdhreopefhfiocbieicnicty wofaspsrtoucdeisesd, .fTabhreicoabttioainnetdimre,sualntsd csopuelcdifpierdovaidpepalicuasteiofunlsgusuidceh toassecloecnttrtohle pofrotpheer lmasoevripnogwdeirr,esctteiponsizoef, anwd aptaetrtedrnrodpelseitgnwfiothr vaarliionuesd ppuartpteorsnesdiensitghne.efficiency of process, fabrication time, and specified applications such as control of the moving direction of a water droplet with a lined pattern design
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