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Abstract
In recent years, conservation biologists have raised awareness about the risk of ecological interference between massively introduced managed honeybees and the native wild bee fauna in protected natural areas. In this study, we surveyed wild bees and quantified their nectar and pollen foraging success in a rosemary Mediterranean scrubland in southern France, under different conditions of apiary size and proximity. We found that high-density beekeeping triggers foraging competition which depresses not only the occurrence (−55%) and nectar foraging success (−50%) of local wild bees but also nectar (−44%) and pollen (−36%) harvesting by the honeybees themselves. Overall, those competition effects spanned distances of 600–1.100 m around apiaries, i.e. covering 1.1–3.8km2 areas. Regardless the considered competition criterion, setting distance thresholds among apiaries appeared more tractable than setting colony density thresholds for beekeeping regulation. Moreover, the intraspecific competition among the honeybees has practical implications for beekeepers. It shows that the local carrying capacity has been exceeded and raises concerns for honey yields and colony sustainability. It also offers an effective ecological criterion for pragmatic decision-making whenever conservation practitioners envision progressively reducing beekeeping in protected areas. Although specific to the studied area, the recommendations provided here may help raise consciousness about the threat high-density beekeeping may pose to local nature conservation initiatives, especially in areas with sensitive or endangered plant or bee species such as small oceanic islands with high levels of endemism.
Highlights
In spite of the well-established environmental threats and economic difficulties affecting beekeeping sustainability, the amount of commercial honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies has globally increased by 45% over the last half century, which denotes the rise of beekeeping industry in the era of economic globalization and growing worldwide human population[1]
There are two main ecological processes by which massively introduced managed honeybees may compete with local wild bee populations and affect their spatial patterns of occurrence[4]
Some studies have reported long term wild bee declines and pollination network deficiencies that are possibly concomitant with the introduction of beekeeping in protected natural areas or other sensitive environments such as small oceanic islands with high levels of endemism[24,25,26]
Summary
In spite of the well-established environmental threats and economic difficulties affecting beekeeping sustainability, the amount of commercial honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies has globally increased by 45% over the last half century, which denotes the rise of beekeeping industry in the era of economic globalization and growing worldwide human population[1]. We show that this pattern is mediated by exploitative competition for floral resources, based on measurements of harvested material in honeybee and wild bee nectar crops and pollen sacs. The nectar and pollen foraging success was assessed in both wild bees and the honeybee.
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