Abstract
AbstractThis paper revolves around load frequency control (LFC) model with distributive energy resources and Electric Vehicle (EV) for a hybrid system. The research takes into account hybrid generating systems including wind turbine generators (WTG), photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal power systems (STPS), diesel sources (DEPS), fuel cells (FC), battery storage systems (BESS), ultracapacitors (UCs), and soon. Nowadays, Electrical vehicles (EVs) are presented a new opportunity for controlling and arrangement of power grids. Due to two-way system connection capabilities of converters in electrical vehicles, it considers as a safest backup for frequency support. This paper focused on EVs as one of the controlling loads with other conventional generation sources for frequency control after disturbances in a two-area or multi-area power system. The proportional-integral-derivative (PID) method is used in this paper to model electric vehicles. Optimization of tuning parameters and outcomes of PID controllers in EV and automatic generation control (AGC) systems, the big bang big crunch (BBBC) optimization technique is applied. Several methods, such as step and random load changes, have been used to demonstrate the controllers’ efficacy relating to peak time, settling time, peak overshoot, and frequency deviations.KeywordsLoad frequency control (LFC)Tie-lineElectric vehicleRenewable sources
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