Abstract
The treatment of diabetes lies in developing novel functional carriers, which are expected to have the unique capability of monitoring blood glucose levels continuously and dispensing insulin correctly and timely. Hence, this study is proposing to create a smart self-regulated insulin delivery system according to changes in glucose concentration. Temperature and glucose dual responsive copolymer microcapsules bearing N-isopropylacrylamide and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid as main components were developed by bottom-spray coating technology and template method. The insulinoma β-TC6 cells were trapped in the copolymer microcapsules by use of temperature sensitivity, and then growth, proliferation, and glucose-responsive insulin secretion of microencapsulated cells were successively monitored. The copolymer microcapsules showed favorable structural stability and good biocompatibility against β-TC6 cells. Compared with free cells, the biomicrocapsules presented a more effective and safer glucose-dependent insulin release behavior. The bioactivity of secreted and released insulin did not differ between free and encapsulated β-TC6 cells. The results demonstrated that the copolymer microcapsules had a positive effect on real-time sensing of glucose and precise controlled release of insulin. The intelligent drug delivery system is supposed to mimic insulin secretion in a physiological manner, and further provide new perspectives and technical support for the development of artificial pancreas.
Highlights
IntroductionMany researchers have studied multi-responsive materials, especially for functional carries with dual sensitivity to temperature and glucose, and gradually carried out the investigations on intelligent regulation of controlled release of insulin [1–3]
Received: 19 January 2022In recent years, many researchers have studied multi-responsive materials, especially for functional carries with dual sensitivity to temperature and glucose, and gradually carried out the investigations on intelligent regulation of controlled release of insulin [1–3].Kataoka’s group made the most groundbreaking work in the synthesis, characterization, and application of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and phenylboronic acid (PBA)as temperature and glucose dual-responsive materials
The core–shell microspheres were availably fabricated by thermal annealing, and the microcapsules were microcapsules the temperature and glucose dual-responsive copolymer formed by removing the microspheres via hydrofluoric acid (HF)
Summary
Many researchers have studied multi-responsive materials, especially for functional carries with dual sensitivity to temperature and glucose, and gradually carried out the investigations on intelligent regulation of controlled release of insulin [1–3]. The studies suggest that if intelligent insulin delivery systems are to be applied to clinical treatment, the carriers have got to simultaneously meet the requirements of excellent biocompatibility, small size, good stability, fast response, strong controlled release capacity, high loading efficiency, and durable repeated switching level, and must be able to maintain the bioactivity and stability of loaded and released insulin.
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