Abstract
The spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is an exotic vinegar fly originating from South-East Asia and has invaded many American and European countries. This devastating pest has caused severe damage on soft-skinned fruit crops, which has resulted in large economic losses. Although many D. suzukii detection devices have been developed and used by growers/farmers in orchards, most of them did not meet their expectation. More simple, convenient, and efficient detection tools are still urgently needed so that growers/farmers can make timely management decision. In our previous study a quinary blend, containing acetoin, as a long-range, and ethyl octanoate, as a short-range attractant for SWD, had been identified. In this study, a controlled-release polyethylene dispenser containing five identified attractants: acetoin, ethyl octanoate, ethyl acetate, penethyl alcohol, and acetic acid, was tested in laboratory conditions for release rates, as well as in a blueberry field and an adjacent wooded area for trapping activity. Release of the most D. suzukii attractants from the polyethylene dispenser was constant. In the laboratory, release rates of ethyl acetate (0.3 g/day over 14 days), phenethyl alcohol (0.0054 g/day over 36 days), and acetic acid (0.13 g/day over 36 days) followed zero order kinetics. Acetoin and ethyl octanoate were blended together and had a varied release rate. In the field, dry and liquid traps baited with the optimized controlled-release dispenser were evaluated and compared with liquid traps baited with apple cider vinegar (ACV). During blueberry harvest season in 2018, the liquid traps containing drowning solution baited with the optimized controlled-release dispenser caught both male and female D. suzukii two weeks earlier and had significantly higher selectivity than that of ACV traps in the field. Additionally, in 2019 field tests, dry traps baited with the controlled-release dispenser demonstrated earlier detection compared to the ACV traps. Due to the simplicity of the dry trap design and easy processing, it has great potential to be an efficient and convenient D. suzukii detection tool for growers/farmers.
Highlights
That can release volatile chemicals with constant rates have been developed (McDonough et al, 1992; Cross et al, 2006; Hebert et al, 2007; Evenden and Gries, 2010), the most common semiochemical release devices used by researchers, e.g., rubber septa (Zhang et al, 2013), laminates flakes (Kehat et al, 1983), microcapsules (Light and Beck, 2010), polyethylene vials (Zhang et al, 2008), PVCresins (Cork et al, 2008), sepiolite-based tablets (FemeniaFerrer et al, 2007), wax-base granules (Behle et al, 2008), and plastic ropes (Mayer and Mitchell, 1998), are first-order matrices that release with an initial burst and decline gradually over time
Dispensers with zero-order kinetics are perceived to be beneficial in many situations but are more difficult to achieve in the laboratory
We have demonstrated that the controlled-release sachets are prepared from polyethylene tubing and polyester felt strip, in which the polyethylene film functioned as a volatile releasing surface and felt served as a carrier or reservoir for the volatile chemicals
Summary
The infestation of a variety of commercial fruits by the highly invasive fruit fly, spotted wing drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), recently detected in North America (Goodhue et al, 2011; Hauser, 2011; Lee et al, 2011; Walsh et al, 2011), South America (Depra et al, 2014; Andreazza et al, 2016; Lavagnino et al, 2018), and Europe (Calabria et al, 2012; Cini et al, 2014; Poyet et al, 2014; Aabanowska and Wojciech, 2015; Briem et al, 2015; Mazzetto et al, 2015; Radonjic and Hrncic, 2015; Arno et al, 2016; Hamby et al, 2016; Briem et al, 2018) is the cause of great concern because of its economic impact (Goodhue et al, 2011; Walsh et al, 2011; Cini et al, 2012; Farnsworth et al, 2017). Identifying and counting massive amounts of flies caught in liquid traps is time consuming
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