Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which encompasses the oral cavity-derived malignancies, is a devastating disease causing substantial morbidity and mortality in both men and women. It is the most common subtype of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which is ranked the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite promising advancements in the conventional therapeutic approaches currently available for patients with oral cancer, many drawbacks are still to be addressed; surgical resection leads to permanent disfigurement, altered sense of self and debilitating physiological consequences, while chemo- and radio-therapies result in significant toxicities, all affecting patient wellbeing and quality of life. Thus, the development of novel therapeutic approaches or modifications of current strategies is paramount to improve individual health outcomes and survival, while early tumour detection remains a priority and significant challenge. In recent years, drug delivery systems and chronotherapy have been developed as alternative methods aiming to enhance the benefits of the current anticancer therapies, while minimizing their undesirable toxic effects on the healthy non-cancerous cells. Targeted drug delivery systems have the potential to increase drug bioavailability and bio-distribution at the site of the primary tumour. This review confers current knowledge on the diverse drug delivery methods, potential carriers (e.g., polymeric, inorganic, and combinational nanoparticles; nanolipids; hydrogels; exosomes) and anticancer targeted approaches for oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment, with an emphasis on their clinical relevance in the era of precision medicine, circadian chronobiology and patient-centred health care.
Highlights
Oral cancer refers to tumors developed in the lips, hard palate, upper and lower alveolar ridges, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, sublingual area, buccal mucosa, retromolar trigons, and floor of the mouth [1]
Our findings in a large cohort study indicated that routine clinical usage of these two classes of antacids in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients was correlated with enhanced survival; remarkably our analysis identified histamine 2 receptor antagonist class usage as a significant prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival in patients with oropharyngeal tumors human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive [47]
The findings of this study showed that anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-microbubbles bound to EGFR on Ca9-22 cells, and the BLM uptake was increased following anti-EGFR-microbubbles binding to cancerous cells
Summary
Oral cancer refers to tumors developed in the lips, hard palate, upper and lower alveolar ridges, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, sublingual area, buccal mucosa, retromolar trigons, and floor of the mouth [1]. Hirabayashi et al and Maeda et al developed anti-EGFR antibody-conjugated microbubbles for the treatment of HNSCC and OSCC, respectively [42,43] These studies showed promising results for future applications of combined immunotherapy with DDSs. DDS have been developed as an alternative method aiming to enhance the benefits of the current anticancer therapies, while minimizing their undesirable toxic effects on the healthy cells. It seems promising that chrono-chemotherapy has the ability to reduce the severity/extent of the side effects of some chemotherapeutic drugs, which can be exploited as a novel therapeutic strategy in oral, head and neck cancer patients and beyond Another approach that showed promise in overcoming the complications of conventional anticancer agents while enhancing their therapeutic efficacy is the targeted drug delivery system consisting of natural and/or synthetic polymers for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor site. A cisplatin analog with similar chemotherapeutic profile, Carboplatin, has been investigated alone or as part of nanoparticle formulations in order to minimize its undesired side effects [68]
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