Controlled Dense Coding with a Four-Particle Non-maximally Entangled State

Abstract

Two schemes for controlled dense coding with a four-particle entangled state are investigated, one with entanglement concentration and the other with generalized measurement. In these protocols, the supervisor (Cliff) can control the average amount of information transmitted from the sender (Alice and David) to the receiver (Bob) only by adjusting his local measurement angle θ. It is shown that the results for the average amounts of information are unique from the different two schemes.