Controllable synthesis of Fe3C-reinforced petal-like lignin microspheres with boosted electrochemical performance and its application in high performance supercapacitors

Abstract

One more effective measure to solve the energy crisis caused by the shortage of fossil energy is to convert natural renewable resources into high-value chemical products for electrochemical energy storage. Lignin has broad application prospects in this field. In this paper, three kinds of lignin with different molecular weights were obtained by the ethanol/water grading of Kraft lignin (KL). Then, different surface morphology lignin microspheres were prepared by spray drying. Finally, petal-like microspheres were successfully prepared by mixing and grinding the above four kinds of surface morphology lignin microspheres with potassium ferrate and cyanogen chloride and carbonizing at 800 °C and were later used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Compared with the other microspheres, LMS-F3@Fe3C has the highest specific surface area (1041.42 m2 g−1), the smallest pore size (2.36 nm) and the largest degree of graphitization (ID/IG = 1.06). At a current density of 1 A g−1, the maximum specific capacitance is 786.7 F g−1. At a power density of 1000 W kg−1, the high energy density of 83.3 Wh kg−1 is displayed. This work provides a novel approach to the modulation of surface morphology and structure of lignin microspheres.