Abstract
Evaluating the affordance–control interpretation of the relationship between performance and object estimation has been proposed by psychophysical and psychonomic studies. This study examined the weight estimation–performance relationship. Individuals with visual impairment or blindness put shots that varied in weight among five scales. In Experiment 1, only the perceived weight was a significant performance constraint. In Experiment 2, the weight was perceived as heavier when the participants’ actions were manipulated through cognitive interpretation. The increase in perceived weight appeared to be related to performance and intrinsically scaled to the action, even when the action was only mental rather than physical. The study’s findings suggest that bodily experience and action are the basis for physical judgments and likely underlie other basic cognitive interpretations of sensory stimuli. This suggestion goes hand in hand with the biofunctional approaches which assume direct experience of the integrated wholeness of one’s body is fundamental for developing other kinds of awareness. Different perspectives from oriental philosophy and psychology are also discussed.
Highlights
Action-specific perception theory proposes that people perceive the environment in terms of their ability to act in it (Gibson, 1979; Witt, 2011)
In goal-directed tasks, when a player’s performance is better, the player’s estimate of the target size is larger (e.g., Witt and Proffitt, 2005; Witt et al, 2008; Cañal-Bruland and van der Kamp, 2009; Witt and Dorsch, 2009), and the mean estimate is larger for players with more performed tasks (e.g., Bhalla and Proffitt, 1999; Proffitt et al, 2003)
GENERAL DISCUSSION Based on studies by Fajen (2007), Fajen et al (2009), Lee et al (2012), and Jin and Lee (2013), putting is an example of affordance-based control
Summary
Action-specific perception theory (or perception–action relation) proposes that people perceive the environment in terms of their ability to act in it (Gibson, 1979; Witt, 2011). This thesis has advanced that optical variables, such as those that pertain to hitting a softball or putting a golf ball, are scaled by metrics that emerge from action-specific body organization (e.g., Proffitt and Linkenauger, 2013) Following this argument, a person who performs well perceives targets (e.g., balls, holes) to be larger. The cognitive reevaluation of the goal size in light of the estimated accuracy, in a sense, is not ruled out, and the link between perceived size and hit rate (i.e., performance) may not be causal It is unknown whether the participants were and implicitly aware of both the actual and the retinal sizes of the targets. We used three experimenters: one assisted and instructed the participants throughout the procedure, one recorded the participants’ weight estimations, and one measured the putting distance near the “target” (beyond)
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