Control of the electrochemical reduction of o-nitrophenol by pH imposition in acetonitrile

Abstract

An electrochemical study using d.c. polarography, cyclic voltammetry and coulometry of o-nitrophenol has been performed in acetonitrile, in the presence of five buffer solutions of pH 20.0, 17.2, 16.2, 11.8 and 8.1. Using linear sweep voltammetry, it was found that at pH 20, the mechanism involves a reversible monoelectronic charge transfer in an Er mechanism. This is possible by avoiding the self-protonation reaction. At lower pH values, the mechanism involves a reversible monoelectronic charge transfer followed by protonation steps and homogeneous charge transfer due to disproportionation of the protonated intermediates. At pH 17.2 and 11.8, the mechanisms for the homogeneous charge transfer steps were found to be DISP2 type (disproportionation order two). At pH 16.2 and 8.1, mechanisms of the DISP1 or ECE type (disproportionation order one) are proposed. Coulometry experiments support the mechanisms proposed: at pH 20, −OθNO2 + 1e− = −OθNO2−, at pH 17.2, HOθNO2 + 2e− + H+ = HOθNO2H−; at pH 16.2, HOθNO2 2e− + 2H+ = HOθNO + H2O; at pH 11.8, HOθNO2 + 3e− + 3H+ = HOθNOH + H2O; and at pH 8.1, HOθNO2 + 4e− + 4H+ = HOθNHOH + H2O. From polarographic I/Io = f(pH) plots, it was possible to assign pKá, values to the acid-base pairs involved.