Abstract
The catalytic performance of vanadyl pyrophosphate (VPP) catalysts in the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride (MA) depends strongly on the display of the active and selective {0 0 1} faces, that may be controlled during the preparation of VOHPO4·0.5H2O precursor by solvothermal technique using C2 to C4 alkanoic alcohols. Intercalated metastable vanadyl-alkyl-phosphates were formed when linear alcohols (ethanol, n-butanol) were used, at variance with iso-alcohols. {0 0 1} platelets of VOHPO4·0.5H2O yielded {2 0 0} platelets to (VO)2P2O7 in nitrogen or in situ in the reactor, as revealed by structural analyses. The catalysts prepared in ethanol or n-butanol in situ activated at 440 °C were more active and selective to MA than in iso-alcohols, but if the equilibration was performed at 380 °C the influence of alcohol was mitigated. The highest MA yield was obtained with the ethanol-derived catalyst, which exhibited the smallest platy crystallites of (VO)2P2O7, as well as surface V5+ species as seen by XPS.
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