Control of regulated and unregulated emissions from a CI engine using reformulated nano fuel emulsions

Abstract

In the present work, the impact of graphene oxide (GeO) nanoparticles addition with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend (CB20) on the performance, combustion, regulated and unregulated emission characteristics on 4-stroke, single-cylinder DI water-cooled diesel engine. In this work, graphite oxide was converted into graphene oxide, leads to increase the surface to volume ratio of fuel droplets which enhances the combustion and lower the emissions. The chemical properties of graphene oxide are examined using a scanning electron microscope, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. Three different levels of graphene oxide 25, 50 and 75 ppm are mixed with Calophyllum inophyllum blend and emulsions were prepared by using electronic stirrer adding 1% span 80 surfactants. Four different fuels such as diesel, CB20 + GeO25 ppm, CB20 + GeO 50 ppm, and CB20 + GeO75 ppm are used in direct-inject diesel engine, their results are correlated with baseline diesel fuel. This study reveals that brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, heat release rate increased by 3.28%, 8.21%, and 11.85% with CB20 + GeO50 ppm. The ignition delay, combustion duration, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, smoke opacity are reduced by 10.52%, 7.4%, 3.2%, 7.8%, 6.4%, 6.6% with CB20 + GeO50 ppm. Additionally, unregulated emissions like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, toluene, crotonaldehyde are reduced by 13.09%, 12.05%, 15.24%, and 23.55% with CB20 + GeO 75 ppm at peak load condition.