Abstract
Mycoparasites cause heavy losses in commercial mushroom farms worldwide. The negative impact of fungal diseases such as dry bubble (Lecanicillium fungicola), cobweb (Cladobotryum spp.), wet bubble (Mycogone perniciosa), and green mold (Trichoderma spp.) constrains yield and harvest quality while reducing the cropping surface or damaging basidiomes. Currently, in order to fight fungal diseases, preventive measurements consist of applying intensive cleaning during cropping and by the end of the crop cycle, together with the application of selective active substances with proved fungicidal action. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the redundant application of the same fungicides has been conducted to the occurrence of resistant strains, hence, reviewing reported evidence of resistance occurrence and introducing unconventional treatments is worthy to pave the way towards the design of integrated disease management (IDM) programs. This work reviews aspects concerning chemical control, reduced sensitivity to fungicides, and additional control methods, including genomic resources for data mining, to cope with mycoparasites in the mushroom industry.
Highlights
The fungitoxic effect observed in vitro against L. fungicola and the results achieved showing a better response of aerated compost tea from spent mushroom compost (SMC) in comparison to prochloraz-Mn to prevent dry bubble disease in crop trials [54] suggest that the application of compost teas could be a suitable alternative to common fungicides
Batches of raw casing materials should not remain near crop facilities, otherwise, sealed spaces must be designed for casing storage to prevent spore contamination.; (4) Remove all affected mushrooms before applying agronomical actions such as harvesting or watering; (5) Disinfection of clothes, footwear and tools in critical areas is key action; (6) Boxes employed for mushroom collection must be disinfected before entering the growing facility and never come from nearby contaminated crops in the farm; (7) Do not lengthen unnecessarily the crop cycle (2–3 flushes maximum); (8) Once the crop cycle is terminated, when available, a cooking-out step on the crops must be applied using steam water to kill pathogens followed by thoroughly cleaning and disinfection of empty facilities
The present work offers a comprehensive review in respect to the most harmful mycoparasites of cultivated mushrooms by describing the causal agents and disease symptoms of the worldwide occurring dry bubble disease (DBD), cobweb disease, wet bubble disease (WBD), and green mold and describing attempts for chemical control and evidence of disease resistance to introduce alternative methods for disease control and genomic resources to design programs for host breeding
Summary
Some evidence of a defensive response of mushrooms to the attack of fungal parasites has been studied, such as the noted increasing production of laccase to fight green mold [20], the immune response of mushrooms to mycoparasite action still remains broadly unresolved [5], which represents a shortcut to design resistant strains through breeding programs [21]. The present work reviews the four most harmful fungal diseases in cultivated mushrooms: dry bubble disease (DBD), cobweb, wet bubble disease (WBD), and green mold, including reported symptoms and causal agents, chemical control, and resistant evidence to eventually introduce proved alternative control methods in the form of bio-based product application and active biocontrol agents. The authors compile a guide of good practices to cope with fungal diseases by means of intensive hygiene and crop management
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