Abstract
Hedgerows are linear landscape features of woody vegetation usually located around agricultural fields. An increasing number of studies have addressed the effects of hedgerows on biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study is aimed to synthesize these effects and compare the levels of biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmland with hedgerows and (1) farmland without hedgerows and (2) nearby natural habitat at the global scale. We hypothesized that farmland with hedgerows (1) enhances biodiversity and ecosystem services as compared to farmland without hedgerows but (2) supports lower levels of biodiversity and ecosystem services than natural habitat. Our systematic literature review retained 835 observations from 170 primary studies, which were analyzed following the standard methodology in meta-analyses. Our results partially support both hypotheses. Farmland with hedgerows exhibited higher levels of biodiversity and provisioning services than farmland without hedgerows (H1). Farmland with hedgerows provided similar levels of biodiversity (edge effects) but lower levels of ecosystem services than natural habitat (H2). The effects of hedgerows on biodiversity and ecosystem services depended on control ecosystem type (grassland/meadow or forest/woodland) but were largely independent of climate type (temperate or tropical) and the focus of spatial scale (field or landscape). In conclusion, conservation and restoration of hedgerows contribute to people in several ways by enhancing biodiversity and multifunctionality in agricultural landscapes.
Highlights
Agricultural production must be more sustainable if the society wants to redress the major source of direct and indirect environmental impacts on the planet, biodiversity loss and climate change (IPBES, 2017, 2019; IPBES and IPCC, 2021)
The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 aims to convert 10% of farmland into high-diversity landscape features (European Commission, 2020), as species-rich semi-natural habitat and natural habitat remnants play a key role in maintaining biodiversity and a range of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes (Jahnová et al, 2016; Dainese et al, 2017)
Hedgerows are linear landscape features of woody vegetation usually located around agricultural fields (Lajos et al, 2020)
Summary
Agricultural production must be more sustainable if the society wants to redress the major source of direct and indirect environmental impacts on the planet, biodiversity loss and climate change (IPBES, 2017, 2019; IPBES and IPCC, 2021). Hedgerows harbor a high diversity of plants (Freemark et al, 2002; Aavik et al, 2008) in terms of both plant abundance (Aavik et al, 2008) and richness (Evans et al, 2011) They can function as plant colonization sources (Endels et al, 2004; Rey Benayas and Bullock, 2015) and modulate plant community composition, which benefit native plants against exotic plants (Freemark et al, 2002)
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