Abstract
To assess the daily dietary intake and energy contribution of ultra-processed foods among women who are positive and negative for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during pregnancy. This case-control study included 77 HIV-positive and 79 HIV-negative puerperal women between 2015 and 2016. The socioeconomic and maternal demographic data were assessed, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) adapted for pregnant women was applied. The Fisher exact test and the Mann-Whitney test were applied to detect differences between the groups. Linear regression was used to assess the associations between the intake of ultra-processed food and energy, macro- and micronutrients, with values of p < 0.05 considered significant. The HIV-positive group was older (p < 0.001) and had lower income (p = 0.016) and level of schooling (p < 0.001) than the HIV-negative group. Both groups presented similar average food intake: 4,082.99 Kcal/day and 4,369.24 Kcal/day for the HIV-positive and HIV-negative women respectively (p = 0.258).The HIV-positive group consumed less protein (p = 0.048), carbohydrates (p = 0.028) and calcium (p = 0.001), and more total fats (p = 0.003). Ultra-processed foods accounted for 39.80% and 40.10% of the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups' caloric intake respectively (p = 0.893). The intake of these foods was associated with a higher consumption of carbohydrates (p < 0.001), trans fat (p = 0.013) and sodium (p < 0.001), as well as lower protein (p < 0.001) and fiber intake (p = 0.022). These findings demonstrate that the energy consumption and ultra-processed food intake were similar in both groups, which reinforces the trend toward a high intake of ultra-processed food in the general population. The intake of ultra-processed food was positively associated with the consumption of carbohydrates, trans fat and sodium, and negatively associated with the consumption of protein and fiber.
Highlights
Recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that there are 36.7 million people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the world
Contribution of Ultra-processed Food to Daily Food Intake Agostini et al 589. These findings demonstrate that the energy consumption and ultraprocessed food intake were similar in both groups, which reinforces the trend toward a high intake of ultra-processed food in the general population
Compared to the HIV-negative puerperae (HIV-)negative group, the HIVpositive group had more women of the lowest social class (p 1⁄4 0.016) who lived without a partner (p < 0.001) and had lower schooling (p < 0.001)
Summary
Recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that there are 36.7 million people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the world. SubSaharan Africa is the most severely affected region, with 1 in every 20 adults infected.[1] In Brazil, approximately 734,000 people are living with HIV, and the national prevalence is of 0.39%. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil, has the highest HIV infection rates in the country, with a prevalence of 0.8%. Data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health collected between 2000 and 2014 revealed that there were 92.210 HIV-positive pregnant women nationwide, 30.8% of whom lived in the Southern region of the country, and the city of Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, ranked first among Brazilian cities in terms of infection rate.[2]. Deficient in micronutrients and macronutrients, could increase the risk of vertical transmission and progression of the disease, increase the chance of opportunistic infections, and affect the effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs.[4]
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